X- RAY DIAGRAM WITH DETAIL

X- RAY DIAGRAM WITH DETAIL

X-Ray Discovered by Sir W.C Roentgen in 8 dec 1895. 

X-ray produces though two ways 

1. Bremstrahlung radiation 

2. Photo electric effect 

X-Ray Tube –  mainly made of Cathode Anode ,Filament ,Glass envelope.

1. Glass envelope – Borosilicate glass/ Pyrex 

2. Thin glass window – Beryllium window  

Anode Target – 

1. Tungsten + Rhenium 

Coating – Molybdenum + Graphite (Greater heat storage capacity) connected with  Copper rod  .( positive charge )

2.Focal spot 

Large focal spot- 2mm x 2mm

Small focal spot- 1mm x 1mm

3.Tungsten high melting point – 3410°C/ 6152°F

4. Boiling point- 5660°C/ 10220°F

5. Atomic number – 74

6. Atomic mass –  183.84

Cathode Filament- 

1. Filament – Tungsten ( Negative charge) 

2. Focussing cup -Focussing cup direct the elections toward the Anode target 

 Common causes of X-Ray tube failure- 

1 . Extremely high voltage 

2. Burt out filament 

3. Anode melting .

4. Tube became  gassy ie puncturing of glass tube .

5. Dielectric ( oil ) leak 

There are two types X- ray tube  of failure – 

1. Early failure.  2. Late failure

1. Early failure

✓ Electric failure 

✓ Insulation failure 

✓ Over heating.

✓ Damage of filament 

✓ Damage of glass envelope .

2. Late failure – 

✓ Gassy tube 

✓ Failure of filament due to constant heating & thinning the filament.

✓ Progressive pitting of Anode target. 

Tube life increased – by Experience  Radiographer ,using factor like – mA, KVp & Exposure time that is appropriate for each examination.

Note – Enormous heat is produced in the anode of the X-ray tube  during X -ray exposure ,this heat must be dessipated by three ways- 

1.Radiation

2.Conduction

3.Convection 

Radiation – Radiation is machenism that transfer of heat does not require any medium or energy irrediated any mediam. Red hot iron ,light of filament lamp.

Conduction– Transfer of heat between two adjacent part .

Convection – Transfer of heat by actual motion of matter ,it is possible only fluid ( liquid and gas ).

• X-Ray Technique –

Mainly use ALARA Principle ( As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

1.Time  – Short exposure time 

2.Distance – 

3.Shielding – use shielding material like lead 

• Proper use of PPE – Personal Protective Equipment helps in reducing internal radiation exposure, like – Lead apron, Gonad shield, Thyroid shield, Lead shield wall  etc.

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